Plan on Sexual Selection Essay

In evolutionary monetary value natural selection is the process by which certain characteristics and demeanors lead passed on in the gene pool because they give the individual a better chance of surviving and reproducing. Sexual selection is the process within natural selection where by any characteristic or behaviour that increases the re carrefourive success of an individual are selected and these characteristics whitethorn get exaggerated over evolutionary date.Because of the differences in parental invest custodyt between males and females, evolutionary psychologists suggest this has created gender specific reproductive behaviour that is in foothold of conjoin preferences and strategies, and in terms of mating systems (to remain monogamous or is promiscuity best? ) Because females defecate to invest a lot of time in having and bringing up offspring, and because the number of offspring they potentiometer have in a life time is limited, Darwin suggests this has lead to f emales being fastidious round who they mate and settle down with.Females will be face for good genetic qualities in a male and qualities that indicate that he could provide for her and their offspring. This in turn has created competition between males. They have to incite females they would be the best to mate with. Males will in like manner be touch on with smell for females with qualities that suggest fertility (youth and good health synonymous with physiological attractiveness. Sexual selection may also lead to differences in mating systems.A female may be best in a monogamous relationship which will ensure the male stays and provides for the family. except for a male a polygamy may be better where he mates with as many females as possible thus ensuring total in offspring increasing the likelihood of some of them surviving. Cross pagan studies provide good enjoin for evolutionary theory because if we see the kindred behaviour across culture we can deduce that this behaviour may be a result of genes (evolution) rather than socialisation.Buss, 1989 studied 37 cultures and prove that females valued qualities that suggested the financial potential of males for example ambition and industriousness. On the opposite hand workforce valued physical attractiveness and women who were jr. than them more(prenominal) than women did. This suggests that they were looking for qualities associated with fertility in line with evolutionary predictions.This was a handsome scale study with over 10,000 participants which gives it credibility, til now it is possible that participants gave the socially enviable answer in terms of what they were looking for in a partner. other studies have supported Buss. For example Waynforth and Dunbar (1995) analysed the content of lonely hearts columns and set in motion that 43% of males sought a youthful mate compared to 25% of females (the younger the female the more fertile).They also prepare that 44% of males sough t a physically attractive partner compared to 22% of females. Finally they found that women reveal their physical attractiveness and men advertise their resources. The advantage of this study is that the sight writing the adverts would non have been influenced by any investigator effects, all the same this is a biased sample as only a undersized proportion of the populations would seek to find partners in this bureau.There is much evidence to suggest that males are more likely to engage in casual sex and engage in polygamous relationships (thus spreading their genes around). For example Clark and Hatfield (1989 and 1990) found that when propositioned by a total stranger 50% of both men and women agreed to go out on a date with the stranger, however none of the females agreed to have sex with a stranger whereas a staggering 75% of males agreed. The study was carried out on a university campus and the participants were students so are hardly representative of the general popula tion.The ethics of this study were also questionable as it involved deception and lack of informed hope and could also have affected the psychological well being of the participants in terms of later guilty feelings. Comparative studies of testicle size in primates by bread maker and Bellis, 1995, also suggest that existence may have evolved under a polygamous mating system. Males have mean(a) sized testicles relative to body size compared to chimpanzees. Chimps live in a promiscuous mating system thus females mate with many males so the male chimp has to have large testes to produce lots of sperm cell in order to compete.Gorillas are monogamous and have relatively midget testes. The medium sized human testes suggest that the norm for our human ancestors was to be mildly competitive so females may have had multiple partners. It could be argued that a womans best strategy may be to be mildly promiscuous and mate with the man with the best genes scarce remain with the man who ca n care and provide. This is supported by Baker and Bellis, 1995, who suggested the world wide rate for misattributed fatherhood was 9%.Although the studies above alter support to evolutionary theory we must be careful in assuming that human mate choice is just a product of our evolutionary past. Our choices will also be affected by our training , religion and our culture and these may change from generation to generation. Some of the findings of studies can also be explained in terms of culture and society. For example in the past women have had to rely on men to provide for them prone the inequality in earning power etc. In todays modern times we may see changes in what women are looking for in a mate.Bereczkei et al (1997) found that females now advertised for men who are family-orientated suggesting they are less concerned about resources. In this way evolutionary theory can be accused of being reductionist in trying to explain reproductive behaviour in terms of gene survival and ignoring social, cultural and moral influences on our reproductive behaviour. evolutionary theory is also highly deterministic, which is dangerous as we forget that humans have the ability to think about their actions.Biologist Richard Dawkins believes we can lift biology with freewill. For example evolutionary theory predicted that men who cannot attract a mate would resort to rape. While this does happen, the majority of single men would not entertain this idea. Finally much of the evidence for evolutionary theory is establish on presumed knowledge about past human environments leading to speculations about which behaviours may have been adaptive. As such evolutionary theory is truly difficult to test experimentally.