Creating the Constitution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Creating the Constitution - Research Paper Example The bill of rights is a vital constituent of American law and the government. It symbolizes culture and freedom of the United States of America (Beeman,23). The first three articles of the constitution are important in the land. They outline the three branches of the government, and states a set of regulations and rules these branches must follow. This ensures smooth running of the federal government. The American constitution was refined from the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. It was initially ratified by the nine states only. The final draft was then penned by Jacob Shallus. The penned draft is found and displayed in the Records of Administration and National Archives of Washington, D.C. Creation of American constitution was a long process. It was difficult to persuade the 13 states of America to ratify the constitution. The draft was based on the separation of powers, federalism and provision of checks and balances (Riemer, 55). The details of blue print of the new government under the new constitution and which bound all the American states were: The article I of the constitution provided for the functions and separation of the congressional powers. The legislation created here is bicameral. It also outlined the qualification for one to hold an office. It also set methods of selection both the senators and the representatives. It also stated powers such as declaring wars and regulating interstate commerce. Article II provided the power to the president of United States to execute laws. The article II also limited the president’s term to four years a maximum of two terms in office. It stated the mechanisms of removing the president from the office. The constitution also set the modest powers of the president. The powers include negotiator of foreign treaties, ambassadors’ appointment, judges and other high rank officers. The most important power vested on him is the power of being the commander-in chief of the armed forces.

Retail Store Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Retail Store Design - Essay Example stores to asses the extend of the easiness in shopping for the customers. It was proposed to evaluate the degree of illumination in the shopping space, product shelves etc and a comparison across different stores on these factors and how it influenced the shoppers choice on selection of stores. Further, a comparison across the U.S. and U.K. stores was also carried out. The purpose of such comparison is to understand the pattern of change across the countries and the customer attitude behavior in the shopping in retail stores. Another major research question that is addressed here is on predicting the customer decision to shop in one store over the other. It could be due to different set of reasons and hence the research undertaken here must be able to expose the key factors that would drive the customer decision-making. in the retail store selection. In addition, it is also planned to have an evaluation on the effect of store lighting on the decision taken to shop in a particular sho p by the customer. The retail business segment is a very vibrant and dynamic area of commercial operations that demands specialized design of its building systems. The building envelope and interior features in the retail establishments are found to have direct influence on both the mental and physical well being of the occupants as well as the clients (Hiserdot, 2002). Incorporation of technology in the business operations have helped to bring tremendous transformation on the business functions and have also led to the innovative design of the functional space of the retail business unit. The two major components that design of a retail business unit must focus are design of interiors and establishing a favorable environment for effective the visual communication (Retail Systems, n.d.) Some of the specific interventions in the retail system designs are (i) Reliable and secure systems based on efficient automated systems and (ii) Solutions that are environmentally friendly and cost effective operation s (Salvador, et al. , 2006). The retail design process is a very rigid exercise involving large number of interconnected activities like the design of the exterior, floor plan creation with selling space demarcation, interior planning, placing of fixtures and merchandise on the shelves. Unlike the traditional approaches the design process is expected involves a thorough review of the past with clear understanding of the differences with the present. It is said to create a very rich design with the help of research data. To create a changing environment in the shopping space, it is better if the designs are considered as modular and flexible. The retail segment consists of large pool of trading stores. The primary classes of the retail trade are grocery stores, drug store, convenience store, discount stores and mass merchants, department stores, specialty stores, catalogue and internet shopping. Retail Drug Stores Drug stores are among the fastest growing retail stores. This is driven partially by aging baby boomers that require more healthcare products, but also as a strategy to siphon customers away from conventional stores. Consolidation in the industry has left three national players with several thousand stores each: Walgreens Drug, CVS and Rite Aid. The study undertaken here have chosen Walgreens drug and Rite aid as the samples for

Religious Freedom and the US Constitution

Religious Freedom and the US Constitution In America, one of the greatest civil rights we have is that of religious freedom. This, along with several others are granted to all citizens no matter where in the country they live, what country they are originally from or what religion they chose to practice. In light of the attacks on America, in September 2011 there are those who have claimed that they are no longer allowed to freely practice their religion freely; that they are persecuted by those who are supposed to uphold the laws, however there is no concrete proof to back up these claims. What has happened, whether due to these claims or not are laws being passed to solve a problem that actually doesnt exist (Asam Uddin). When reading the U.S. Constitution, the First Amendment reads Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances How does this affect federalism? The question that comes to mind is: does federalism truly support religious freedom for all and if so what impact does it have? For this, Id like to use the case of county clerk Kim Davis, of Rowan County, KY who refused to sign marriage certificates for same sex couples and sighted her own religious beliefs as a reason. Miss Davis was sued by many couples who she refused to give a license to and in Miller v Davis, (ACLU, 2017) she was ordered to issue the licenses and when she defied that order was jailed for five days. Miss Davis asked that her name be removed from the license and a law was passed that allowed for a marri age certificate with no clerks signature. This case made huge headlines and since it was also during the 2016 presidential campaign was made an even bigger issue, in the end Miss Davis won her battle, if it can be called a battle, against having to issue marriage certificates with her name and names of other clerks in the Kentucky county clerk office to couple of the same sex. The debate that followed Miss Davis refusal to issue marriage certificates ran the gamut on both sides. For many years same sex couples have been seeking to be recognized as legal unions with the same benefits and protections offered to the traditional male, female union, According to Corvin and Gallagher, 2012, for the first time in May of 2011, the gallop poll showed a small majority of Americans favored legalizing same sex marriage, with 53% for and 45% against. What is hotly contested is that marriage is between a man and a woman, however in this book; both authors have differing views with Corvin for same sex marriage and Gallagher firmly against. The negative impact of religious freedom in this case is that because of where miss Davis and others like her work, or even other businesses who now must service openly gay people, is that they are forced to go against their own beliefs and issue same sex marriage licenses or provide service to same sex couples. This impacts people all across this country even if they are not as vocal as Miss Davis was. Most cannot afford to lose their jobs so they remain silent hoping that somehow things will change. Unfortunately the change those people are hoping for may not come to fruition unless they themselves take a stand and then live with whatever the outcome is. The positive impact of this case is the ruling that a bill was passed where one single marriage license form is used for all couples, heterosexual and gays, the county clerks names are no longer on the licenses and those applying can check bride, groom or spouse. Also, unless one volunteers to sign as a notary public, that is not a requirement either. This satisfies both the request for a marriage license by gays and no names being required on the licenses for people such as Miss Davis. In this case, all concerned can still work without infringing on their own religious freedoms while doing so. The most significant impact in this case is the compromise that was reached. Society has taught us that marriage is traditionally between a man and a woman and although now the issue of same sex marriage is out in the open, for decades couples have lived together as an unrecognized marital unit. Some lived in fear because that lifestyle was frowned upon and others just simply lived together and if asked claimed the person as a family member. Is it right to have to live in fear? The answer any sane person would give is no, yet that is exactly how many gay couples have lived. With the event of legalizing same sex marriage and offering the same benefits and protections as a man and woman couple, many have finally chosen to come out in the open. They now faced other challenges such as the one in Kentucky where they were unable to get married. The issue that most people believe was not taken into consideration was how others would react to legalizing same sex marriage. On the one hand it is good for those who felt as if they were living on the fringes of society, shunned for who and what they were and having no support. On the other hand, for the majority who feels that marriage is between a man and a woman, this posed a huge acceptance problem. Is it now fair for these very people to go against everything they have been taught since childhood and engrained in their very core that anything other than a man and a woman was wrong as a married couple is wrong? Now, at least in Kentucky, no longer will the county clerks have to worry about that particular issue. It has been settled by the bill that was signed by the governor. Still, there is the business side of things; however, businesses must make a profit to survive so they are working on that without involving the courts. No person should ever have to go against their own religious beliefs to appease someone else but we live in a world that is evolving and to survive, we too must evolve. Doesnt mean we must go again st our beliefs, it only means we must find ways to compromise without infringing on someone elses first amendment rights. In conclusion, when it comes to freedom of religion, we all have the inherent right to practice our religion without fear of retaliation against us. As with everything there are positive and negative aspects and impacts. No single person should feel persecuted or discriminated against because of their religious beliefs and no person should have to go against their religious beliefs to appease the masses. The issue discussed was same sex marriage and even though it is still not widely accepted by society, as a whole, society will have to learn to make compromises because without compromise, people in the LGBT community will find themselves being discriminated against whether it is intentional or unintentional and that in and of itself is a shame we all must live with. References Academic Freedom and the First Amendment in the Supreme Court. Retrieved from  scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1751context=facpubs Asma Uddin, The First Amendment: Religious Freedom for All, Including Muslims, 20 Wash.   Lee J. Civ. Rts. Soc. Just. 73 (). Available at: http://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/crsj/vol20/iss1/9 John Corvino-Maggie Gallagher (2012). Debating Same-Sex Marriage. New York: Oxford  University Press. http://dailycaller.com/2016/04/14/kentucky-clerk-kim-davis-just-officially-won-the-same-sex-marriage-license-battle/ Miller v. Davis | American Civil Liberties Union ACLU. Retrieved February 19, 2017, from  https://www.aclu.org/cases/miller-v-davis

Hindu women Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout history, there have been many different aspects that have been looked at in all culture ways . Many researcher’s have studied the history and the lifestyle of the different societies and particular cultural norms. This information is gathered from media, weather be it through internet, newspaper, television or simply history books as educational informers. Although these are the most common bases for societal general knowledge, in the inner truth occurs within the inner realms of particular societal. We as Americans sometimes fund the ways in which many of these cultures do things different, weird, or crazy. They are for us to look forage deeper into these different aspects but sometimes many of us choose to just believe the contrary, the truth that is tainted and not rooted within history. One of these mistakenly miscnceived cultures is the Hindu Culture. Americans may not see things in our cullture the way others do in their own private communities. In our societ y, women are beginning to get respect for the things they do and they are being looked at in the same way that men are, in various occupations. In the Hindu culture this is quiet the opposite, their society views women the same way a any other society would view those in the lower social aspects. This suppressing and inferorating view has had a large impact on their society, economically, as well as politically. The women in this culturl are looked upon as being something great, according to their cultural and religious believes. This aspect of Hindu society is the only that has had credit to the respect and value of women, where if compared to the status of women in other societies. Though the women are vied very highly by the gods, they are viewed from a society with a caste system. India like any other society is divided into different classes. The classes are division is marked by wealth and production industries. The adjoining part of the society is ruled by higher authority. Women are a large of this particular society. They are subjected to agricultural and exploitation by the men who rule them. The women in these particular communities have many duties that come with being a part of that society. â€Å" The chief duty of a women is to maintain her Pativrata Dharma. To a women there is no higher duty than service of her husband. She should worship him daily† (Shivanada, 1963). Women... ...ntirely socialized and restricted to their family-kin community. Tremendous effort has been to ignite, for they have come a long way from the beginning, hoping to see a fair end. As an American women in a westernized culture, one sometime takes the freedom given for granted, not realizing that there are women out there that have to fight for things that they want in life. True, we do choose to go out and get an education, but we should sometimes stop and think what things would be like if we were not able to even try to get an education. Education is given abundantly, there is equal opportunities in exchange for self enhancement, to think that all these rights can be taken away, not only paints a painful life but gives one a glimpse into the lives of the Hind women who had to endure such mistreatments. The Hindu women have lived under the incubation of powerful men, who have no regard to their equality nor their intelligence and capability. These women have not just fulfilled a dream but have economically, politically, and socially, broken the barrier as well as the stereotype that they may no amount to anything. They have taken that initiative, and made it i nto something great.

Grief, Loss, and Finding Meaning and Purpose Essay

Death is something that is out of human’s control, and it can produce all kind of feelings, and attitudes. The following paper discusses critical issues associated with understanding and facing death. There are various feelings and emotions that a person can experience after they loss someone special in their lives. Through out this paper we will try to identify, express, and find what had been discovered through out grief, and loss. There are several major issues associated with death, but we will focus only on two of them. For instance when a person is facing death, that person would experience denial, isolation, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance; but the two major factors that will be discussed on this paper are depression and anger. According to the Merriam-Western Dictionary Death is the act of dying, the end of life, and there are several ways of coping with the emotional reaction when facing death. We all experience many losses through our lives, and when the loss is the death of someone really close to us, someone who we love and care about—perhaps a family member, a coworker, neighbor etc. That loss can cause a grieving process that can surely affect the way se see things and continue our lives. One of the issues associates with understanding coping and facing death is anger. Lets say for instance that if the cause of death of a family member was something unexpected, anger feelings can take control over that person. Anger is a wide range of emotions, is a strong feeling of displeasure, and belligerence aroused by a wrong, wrath, ire. (Dictionary.com). On the other hand, when facing an early death of a love one, the dominant feeling present on the rest of the family is anger, leading them to a bitter indignation at having been experience the unfairly death of one of their family members. The anger of a person who is experiencing a loss, can be targeted many things, or persons—perhaps anger at God for allowing that situation, anger over what seems unfairly and unjust. Another issue associated with understanding, coping, and facing death is depression. Individuals who are depressed use to isolate or withdraw them selves, they feel hope less and they are not ready to go back to their usual activities; they feel hopeless. A person’s attitude, beliefs, and values about death are according to  his/her cultural influence, and this will contribute with the way they respond when facing death and grief. An individual’s culture would influence the way that individual will respond when phasing death. Culture can influence a person on the way they perform the ceremonies or rituals when grieving. For instance in some countries, when a child died the parents are allow to bath and dress the child with their own cloths, when in different countries it is not permitted even to cry. These two different ceremonies show the different ritual people have according with their culture, values and beliefs. Finding meaning and purpose can be part of the grief process for those who faced a loss. Even though is not an easy process, that crisis can be turn into an opportunity to find true meaning. Many people can grow through grief, and learn to appreciate the value of life, and become better persons. In many cases the grieving process can be an opportunity to unify the family who is suffering. There is always family issues that could separate a family, but the death of a member can be an opportunity to reunite that family, and that is when meaning and purpose take place in the grief process. Grief and loss are universal, and it cannot be controlled by any human kind. The stage of grief and loss occurs in respond to the death of a value person—emotions and attitudes take control of those who are facing it. Loss is an unavoidable part of life, and grief is the healing process of those wounds that a loss could leave an in an individual’s life. References Kubler-Ross, E. Death: The Final Stage of Growth. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1975. http://cogprints.org/9155/ Developmental theory. (2006). In Elsevier’s dictionary of psychological theories. Retrieved from http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.credoreference.com.library.gcu.edu%3A2048%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Festpsyctheory%2Fdevelopmental_theory%2F0

Attentional Blink

INTRODUCTION The Attentional Blink Experiment aims to determine the capability of an individual to recognize both the targets given that he or she is subjected to rapidly changing stimuli. Moreover, the theory states that after the detection of the first target in a rapid stream of visual stimuli, the second target is missed (Niewenstain, Potter, & Theeuwes, 2009). Hence, the experiment means to prove whether attentional blink is present in the experiment and if the theory is correct.Furthermore, the suggested hypothesis for this experiment is that the higher separation of the two targets with each other will increase the probability of discriminating and reporting the second target with respect to the first. In addition, the experiment was conducted inside the ergonomics laboratory at the Science and Technology research building on February 5, 2013 using the Wadsworth Coglab program application. It was done at only one site to ensure the consistency of the environment. Also, each te st consisted of 100 trials. I. PROBLEM STATEMENT Attentional blink is present between targets of short separation.II. OBJECTIVES 1. Aims to confirm the presence of attention blink in the different subjects. 2. Aims to show that the percentage reported for the 2nd target increases as the separation of the two targets increases through the use of statistical analysis. 3. To identify improvements for the report of the second target in the stimulus presentation, assuming the theory is correct. III. METHODOLOGY A. Selection of Subjects The minimum required subjects was fifteen subjects which consists of the students of the present Ergcog2 laboratory class, and they were asked to answer the attention blink experiment honestly.The group decided to add additional of 10 subjects outside of DLSU with the same conditions given to the first fifteen subjects in the class. This was done for the reason that more data leads to more consistent and less biased results. There was no particular reason nor criteria used in choosing the subjects. They were chosen out of convenience. Apparently, the subjects chosen were composed of both male and female and all subjects were in between the ages of 18-22 years old. B. Experiment Proper 1. Fifteen subjects (from the class) and ten subjects (outside DLSU) were chosen to answer the experiment on attention blink.They were chosen using convenience sampling distribution. 2. There are two trials in this experiment and the group considered this factor. Trial 1: Subjects took the experiment without being distracted. Trial 2: Subjects took the experiment while being disturbed during the whole experimental period. Subjects were having simultaneous conversation during the whole experiment. 3. The software is activated. Pressing the spacebar indicates the start of the first trial where a sequence of letters appears. Each letter in the sequence is only flashed for 100 milliseconds. 4.The task of the subjects is to determine if letter J, letter K, o r both letters were flashed in each sequence. 5. The subject presses the â€Å"J† and â€Å"K† keys to indicate that the letters â€Å"J† and â€Å"K† were flashed in the sequence respectively. The subject can also press both â€Å"J† and â€Å"K† keys if he/she believes that both letters were flashed. 6. The keys that were pressed by the subjects are flashed immediately in the screen for the subjects to be able to check whether the software was able to receive the information correctly or not. 7. Space bar is pressed by the subject to proceed to the next trial. . After the 100 trials, a window appears which shows the graphical result of the test that was done by the subject. The graph shows the rate of how the subjects were able to detect the targets due to how the targets were separated. 9. The results were analysed and conclusions and recommendations were made at the end of the experiment. C. Tools Used * Computers with CogLab Software ar e used to run the trials in which data are gathered. D. Possible Causes of Error (Factors) Fatigue of the subjects is a possible cause of error in the experiment.One run is composed of 100 trials, which can be very tiring for the eyes. As a result, the subject’s ability to detect targets may deteriorate at the latter trials of the experiment. Environmental factors can also be a possible cause of error like having noise in the background or having a conversation while doing the test. This is to test whether this kind of factor has a significant effect on the ability of the subject to detect targets. The subjects not taking the attention blink test seriously may also be a possible source of error in the experiment.Some subjects may have just rushed the test. How the subjects would take the experiment is solely dependent on their level of seriousness. IV. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Table 1. Summary of the Mean and Std. Deviation Response on 1st target | Separation target| | 0| 2| 4| 6 | 8| Mean (percent)| 56| 54. 5| 58| 54. 5| 58| Std. Deviation| 11. 7| 13. 4| 17. 2| 15. 5| 19. 6| Figure 1. Percent Response Vs Target Separation for 1st target Table 1 shows that for the first target the average responses for the 5 separation target are near to each other.The results for each target separation might be varied for the subjects as seen in the deviations which are at the range of 11. 7 to 19. 6, but comparing the 5 mean would only result to a standard deviation of 1. 75. This means that the results are almost constant and has minimal deviation. Figure 1 also shows this trend that the % responses for each target separation are near each other. Looking at the results it can also be seen that the subjects can only see 54. 5% to 58% of the 1st target, since fluctuations in the graph is within these range. Table 2. Summary of the Mean and Std.Deviation Response on 2nd target | Separation target| | 0| 2| 4| 6| 8| Mean (percent)| 5. 0| 39. 0| 42. 5| 58. 5| 60. 5| Std. Deviat ion| 6. 2| 16. 6| 11. 4| 11. 6| 15. 7| Figure 2. Percent Response Vs Target Separation for 2nd target Table 2 shows that the percent mean of the responses increases as the target separation increases. Again the results for each target separation also varied for the subjects since the deviation ranges from 6. 2 to 16. 6. But the deviation for the zero separation is not that big compared to the others, since most of the respondents here cannot detect the 2nd target.The deviation for each target separation might be big but the data and Figure 2 would show a linear relationship with between the % response and the target separation of the 2nd target. This means that the respondents are able to detect the 2nd target more as the separation between the two target increases. The % response of the respondents for the 2nd target is from 5% to 60. 5%. Figure 3. Percent Response Vs Target Separation for 1st and 2nd target Figure 3 would show a clearer relationship between the 1st target and the 2nd target.The line for 1st target (blue) would show an almost straight line pattern while the line for the 2nd target (red) would show a line that increases as target separation increases. The graph also shows that for target separation 0 to 4, the 1st target has a higher % response. But when the separation became 6 and 8 the 2nd target is seen more by the respondents. We could also see that the deviation between the 1st and 2nd target decreases as the target separation increases. For the 0 target separation the difference between the two targets are 51% for the 2 sec target separation it became 15. % and the difference becomes smaller as target separation increases. The best result is seen in the 8 sec target separation since 1st target has a 58% response and the 2nd is 60% response the difference between the two is only 2%. In addition, in order to identify the targets better the subject only focuses on the letters â€Å"J† and â€Å"K† and disregards the other lett ers in the series. In fact, this selective nature of perception would lessen the overloading of information. According to Reed (2004), selectivity is defined as the focusing of aspects of attention, wherein the subject pays attention to some aspects while ignores the others.To prove that the attentional blink theory is correct in stating that the first target is unaffected by the separation of the signals. And the second target, on the other hand, shows that the longer the separation period of the first signal to the second, the higher the response (Mackewn & Goldthwaithe, 2004). Regression technique is used to see the relationship between the target separation and % response of the 1st and 2nd target. This would show how the target separation (independent) affects the detection of the target for the 1st and 2nd target (dependent). Table 3.Regression summary for 1st target. N= 50| Beta| Std. Err. of Beta| B| Std. Err. of B| t(48)| p-level| Intercept|   |   | 55. 4| 3. 75| 14. 77 | 0. 00| Separation| 0. 04| 0. 14| 0. 20| 0. 77| 0. 26| 0. 80| The regression summary would show that the separation of the target is not related with the percent response of the 1st target since the p-level of the regression is 0. 80 meaning it is not significant in identifying the value for the 1st target. Table 4. Regression summary for 2nd target. N= 50| Beta| Std. Err. of Beta| B| Std. Err. of B| t(48)| p-level| Intercept|   |   | 15| 3. 9| 4. 18| 0. 00| Separation| 0. 79| 0. 09| 6. 53| 0. 73| 8. 92| 0. 00| The regression summary shows that for the 2nd target the target separation is significant since a p-level of 0. 00 is shown. Therefore, this means that target separation affects the % response for the 2nd target. On the other hand the beta value of 6. 53 shows that as the target separation increases the % response for the 2nd target also increases. The Attentional Capacity Theory Duncan et al. have proposed that T1 occupies attentional capacity to the detriment of a trai ling T2 target.This theory suggests that the duration for which T1 continues to occupy attentional capacity is related directly to the T2 processing difficult (Rochester Institute of Technology). This explains why the 2nd target increases as the separation time increases. It is because the theory states that every person has their own attentional capacity and if separation time is bigger the information processing do not overlap and the two targets are seen by the respondent. This also why the first letter is first seen since it is the one that occupies the person’s attentional capacity first and is first processed by the person.Outside Factors In the conduction of the experiment, although the distraction may have a small effect on the signal detection of the subjects, the results as shown in the graphs make it clear that attentional blink is not affected by the amount of external distraction since it is an internal issue. As mentioned, in trial 2 the subjects were distracted by assigning someone close enough to generate a conversation with them through the whole duration of the experiment. There is no significant difference found in the detection of the targets between being distracted and not.This is because the subjects were observed to say â€Å"ha? † more often than not during the conversation. Having their attention focused on the experiment applies the theory of selective attention wherein one tries to pay attention to one input in the presence of others (Glass & Holyoak, 2004). Visual dominance is another concept that can be seen in the experiment. It can be observed that visual targets dominate over auditory targets (Glass & Holyoak, 2004). This also explains why the subject is more inclined in doing the experiment rather than chatting with the distracter. V. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONSBased on the results of the experiment, it can be concluded that the theory of attentional blink is correct. The hypothesis made at the beginning could b e verified by the results obtained. These results show that separation does not have a large effect on the probability that the first target would not be detected by the respondents, since the average percentage reported for the first target by the respondent is relatively unaffected by separation. The values were close to each other. On the other hand, average percentage reported for the second target increased as the separation increased.This shows that the hypothesis that the longer the separation between the targets, the higher the chance of getting the targets right is correct. There are less chances of an attentional blink when more letters are in between, since the second letter is delayed. This gives the user a chance to have more accurate results. Although the program was effective in proving that the Attentional Blink Theory is correct, there could still be some improvements that could be done. Since the program has a black background and white letters for the stimuli, a w ay of making the second target easier to detect is to add color or change the background color.According to (Pashler, 1999), the second target could be easier to detect when there is color discrimination. When provided, it seems to cause the blink to virtually disappear because there is a different dimension. Sizes of the letters were the same for all. Biased attention may occur when the contrast and sizes of the targets differ (Proulx & Egeth, 2006). In the research conducted by Proulx and Egeth (2006), objects with better luminance contrast are processed rapidly and precisely compared to lower contrast items. It also shows that larger objects can influence visual performance.In order for the subject to identify the second target, the size of the signals or targets can be made bigger. A sample for this is illustrated below. Based from observation, the respondents made mistakes on entering what letter they saw. The program did not allow the respondent to change his or her answer. A recommendation for the enhancement of the program could be having the function to let the respondent change his or her answer, so that the respondents’ probability of getting the correct answer would increase. This in turn can improve the respondents’ data.

Free Essays on Bussiness Growth

Policies and Procedures Orientation On the first day of employment the new hire receives an orientation in selection and enrollment for insurance and other benefits, and completion of tax forms. The Orientation Program provides an introduction to history, organizational structure, and initiatives of the company. All new hire will be oriented to the following: 1. Objectives 2. Organization 3. Policies and procedures including: Working hours Timesheet authorization procedures Lunch and break schedules Importance of regular attendance, punctuality Policy for phoning in absences and tardiness Overtime opportunities or requirements Dress code Scheduling time off Written job description Performance standards / expectations for performance appraisal Safety / security procedures, location of emergency equipment Reporting of work-related injuries or illness 4. Introduction to management, supervisors, and trainers responsible for orienting to the job duties. Training It is the policy of the company to assist and encourage employees to obtain skills, knowledge, and abilities that increase the effectiveness of work performance in their present position and improve their career opportunities within the company. The Human Resources Department will assess employee development needs and, based on the availability of resources, sponsor appropriate, relevant training and development programs to meet such needs. Sources of Training Programs: 1. On-Site Training A department head is responsible for arranging specialized training with a department trainer, administering apprenticeship programs, other special skills training, and internships. 2. Off-Site Training With the approval of his or her supervisor and plant manager an employee may attend off-site training. See HR Employee Development and Training for procedures for requesting off-site training. 3. College Degrees, Specialty Certificates, and College-Level... Free Essays on Bussiness Growth Free Essays on Bussiness Growth Policies and Procedures Orientation On the first day of employment the new hire receives an orientation in selection and enrollment for insurance and other benefits, and completion of tax forms. The Orientation Program provides an introduction to history, organizational structure, and initiatives of the company. All new hire will be oriented to the following: 1. Objectives 2. Organization 3. Policies and procedures including: Working hours Timesheet authorization procedures Lunch and break schedules Importance of regular attendance, punctuality Policy for phoning in absences and tardiness Overtime opportunities or requirements Dress code Scheduling time off Written job description Performance standards / expectations for performance appraisal Safety / security procedures, location of emergency equipment Reporting of work-related injuries or illness 4. Introduction to management, supervisors, and trainers responsible for orienting to the job duties. Training It is the policy of the company to assist and encourage employees to obtain skills, knowledge, and abilities that increase the effectiveness of work performance in their present position and improve their career opportunities within the company. The Human Resources Department will assess employee development needs and, based on the availability of resources, sponsor appropriate, relevant training and development programs to meet such needs. Sources of Training Programs: 1. On-Site Training A department head is responsible for arranging specialized training with a department trainer, administering apprenticeship programs, other special skills training, and internships. 2. Off-Site Training With the approval of his or her supervisor and plant manager an employee may attend off-site training. See HR Employee Development and Training for procedures for requesting off-site training. 3. College Degrees, Specialty Certificates, and College-Level...

Incidents of violence in the book Sula by Toni Morrison

Incidents of violence in the book Sula by Toni Morrison "Sula" by Toni Morrison is a compelling novel about a self-confident woman called Sula. In this book, Sula shares an important relationship with Nel. In this relationship both girls share everything from perception, judgments, secrets and even crimes. In this book, Toni Morrison mentions a few scenes about violence that probably affected Sula's life and the characters around here.The book Sula was written in a time when there was prejudice against blacks. In the book we hear about Helene's prejudice trip on the trains and other events of prejudice. The author also tells us that Sula's house is vibrant and active. The author calls Sula's house the peace house and the residents of the house are always arguing. Her house is "a household of throbbing disorder constantly awry with things, people, voices and the slamming of doors" (52). In the house there is a lack of emotional support and we hear scenes about how Hannah had multiple relationships with the men of Medallion.English: Toni Mo rrison, Miami Book Fair Internatio...The author also makes us aware of Eva's love towards her children but also mentions her cruelty towards the family. Morrison talks about Eva cruelty when she decides to burn Plum. Before Eva decided to burn Plum she was rocking him and they got into a verbal and physical battle. We are told when Plum was getting ready to leave that Eva " rolled a bit of newspaper into a tight stick about six inches long, lit it and threw it onto the bed where the kerosene-soaked Plum"(47). Eva watched in amazement while the flames engulfed him. In the book, we also hear about Nel and Sula battle with the boys. "These particular boys caught Nel once and pushed her from hand to hand until they grew tired of the...

How to Grow a Cup of Quick Crystal Needles

How to Grow a Cup of Quick Crystal Needles Grow a cupful of Epsom salt crystal needles in your refrigerator. Its quick, easy, and safe. Difficulty: Easy Time Required: 3 hours Ingredients cup or small bowlepsom salthot tap water What You Do In a cup or small, deep bowl, mix 1/2 cup of Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate) with 1/2 cup of hot tap water (hot as it will get from the faucet).Stir about a minute to dissolve the Epsom salts. There will still be some undissolved crystals at the bottom.Place the cup in the refrigerator. The bowl will fill with needle-like crystals within three hours. Magnesium sulfate crystals readily take up dye, such as food coloring. Copyright (c) by Dai Haruki. All Rights Reserved. / Getty Images Tips for Success Dont use boiling water to prepare your solution. You will still get crystals, but they will be more threadlike and less interesting. The temperature of the water helps control the concentration of the solution.If you like, you can place a small object at the bottom of the cup to make it easier to remove your crystals, such as a quarter or plastic bottle cap. Otherwise, carefully scoop the crystal needles from the solution if you wish to examine them or save them.Dont drink the crystal liquid. Its not toxic, but its not good for you either. Learn About Epsomite The name of the crystal grown in this project is epsomite. It consists of hydrated magnesium sulfate with the formula  MgSO4 ·7H2O. The needle-like crystals of this sulfate mineral are orthorhombic as Epsom salt, but the mineral readily absorbs and loses water, so it may spontaneously switch to the monoclinic structure as a hexahydrate. Epsomite is found on the walls of limestone caverns. The crystals also grow on mine walls and timbers, around volcanic fumaroles, and rarely as sheets or beds from evaporation. While the crystals grown in this project are needles or spikes, the crystals also form fibrous sheets in nature. The pure mineral is colorless or white, but impurities may give it a gray, pink, or green color. It gets its name for Epsom in Surrey, England, which is where it was first described in 1806. Epsom salt crystals are very soft, with a Moh scale hardness around 2.0 to 2.5. Because it is so soft and because it hydrates and rehydrates in the air, this is not an ideal crystal for preservation. If you want to keep Epsom salt crystals, the best choice is to leave it in a liquid solution. Once the crystals have grown, seal the container so no more water can evaporate. You can observe the crystals over time and watch them dissolve and reform. Magnesium sulfate is used in agriculture and pharmaceuticals. The crystals may be added to water as bath salts or as a soak to relieve sore muscles. Crystals may also be mixed in with soil to help improve its quality. The salt corrects magnesium or sulfur deficiency and is most often applied to roses, citrus trees, and potted plants.

Packaging for Export 342 wk 7 forum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Packaging for Export 342 wk 7 forum - Essay Example The result of this control has landed Pantos the 4th and 16th places in global sea and air forwarding respectively (Pantos Indonesia, 2012). Pantos has a total warehouse space of 550,000 square meters (Pantos Indonesia, 2012). In June 1997, Pantos Asia was established in Indonesia (Akiva,‎ Meersman, & Voorde, 2013). For 15 years since its establishment in Asia, Pantos Asia has expanded its business through Asia to include India, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, and the Philippines (Surhone, Tennoe, & Henssonow, 2010). As of the most recent analysis of the company carried out in 2012, Pantos Asia had 16 offices, 9 warehouses, in 9 countries around Asia Pacific region (Akiva, ‎ Meersman, & Voorde, 2013). It is documented that since its founding, Pantos Asia has grown to 335% of its total warehouse size (Surhone, Tennoe, & Henssonow, 2010). It is currently covering 105,700 square meters in warehouse space. Freight forwarding has increased by 140% within the same period of 15 years (Surhone, Tennoe, & Henssonow, 2010). The company offers several services designed to meet customer demand. These include Pantos freight forwarding which includes sea, railroad, and air; Pantos warehousing offers a variety of services that ensure shipments are handled with care and accommodates all types of consumer goods (Akiva,‎ Meersman, & Voorde, 2013); and Pantos Express that offers direct delivery service (Pantos Indonesia, 2012). The company also is involved in the movement of large scale and dangerous cargo. For instance, the company records that â€Å"the 190 ton gas turbine power generator shipment from Frankfurt was the biggest in world transportation history (Pantos Indonesia, 2012)†. The company aims at carrying 5 million ton TEUs and 1.2 million tons in air freight to become the world’s logistics partner (Pantos Indonesia,

Determinants Of The Use Of Financial Incentives Essay

Determinants Of The Use Of Financial Incentives - Essay Example Bankers had anticipated a continuous growth in the property market, and loans had been disbursed to people with low creditworthiness to show a growth in the business. Financial products called mortgage-backed securities had enabled financial institutions and investors around the world to invest in the U.S. housing market. Major banks and financial institutions reported losses of approximately US$435 billion as of 17 July 2008, as these securities derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices. As a result of this crisis, the most revered names on Wall Street have had to eat humble pie. In September 2008, Merrill Lynch agreed to sell itself on Sunday to Bank of America for roughly $50 billion to avert a deepening financial crisis. At almost the same time, while another prominent securities firm, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy protection, shocking the whole world. The collapse of Bear Sterns hedge funds is another example of the short-sightedness of investment banking. Controlling for CEO pay-performance sensitivity (delta) and the feedback effects of firm policy and risk on the managerial compensation scheme, it is observed that higher sensitivity of CEO wealth to stock volatility (vega) implements riskier policy choices, including relatively more investment in R&D, less investment in PPE, more focus, and higher leverage. We also find that riskier policy choices generally lead to compensation structures with higher vega and lower delta. Stock-return volatility has a positive effect on both vega and delta. C. How investment banks use and report executive compensation schemes Quantitative analysis of a detailed industry-wide survey validates the hypothesis that those occupations where the output is easily identifiable receive higher bonus pay. The proximity of an occupation to the revenue generating activity within the organization is also found to be significant in determining bonus levels, as is job grade within the organization.

How can the UK sustain growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

How can the UK sustain growth - Essay Example Industry development is also termed as a significant determinant of sustainable growth in the national level (WRAP, 2010). With this concern, the UK government has been focused on increasing its industrial outputs, on the verge of facing the risk of recessionary effects in the aftershock of the recent financial turmoil. As a result, the economy was able to obtain a substantial rise in its overall industrial output which led to the predictions that the economy might have been successful in mitigating the recessionary risks by a substantial extent. However, UK’s industrial output suddenly fell in the fourth quarter of 2013 which made the volatile situation faced by the economy more apparent to world traders (BBC, 2013). This further have raised the question that whether UK can sustain its growth in the future and if it can, then how. The discussion in this paper will emphasise on addressing this particular question following the assessment of the current economic situation witne ssed in the UK. Exposition According to the article published in BBC (2013), with the title â€Å"UK industrial output rose 1.1% in December† reveals an apparent account of UK’s industrial performance in relation to its output generation. It is worth mentioning in this context that the sustainable growth of UK has been significantly influenced by its industrial, economic and production outputs over the years which has today, contributed to its recessionary risks. The data illustrated through this report states that the industrial output in the UK had increased by 1.1% in December 2012 as per the report of Office for National Statistics. The rise in the aggregated industrial output observed in December 2012 was constituted with the steeply increased production of the manufacturing sector by 1.6% after accounting a fall of 0.3% in the month of November 2012. Outputs generated from the energy production and mining sector also increased by 0.9% in the same period which was further denoted to be highe r than the predictions made by analysts. Observing these hikes in the industrial output of the UK, various analysts affirmed that this level of development will enhance the potentialities of the economy to avoid future recessionary situations which was previously forecasted to be quite high in the aftermath of the 2008 recent financial crisis. However, UK’s industrial output depicted a sudden fall on the premise that UK has been successful in avoiding probable chances of recession. To be specific, industrial output declined by 1.9% in the fourth quarter of the financial year 2012-2013 which was further revealed to be a record fall in comparison to the output obtained in the third quarter of the same fiscal year. The major reason identified to act behind this huge fall in industry outputs have been the temporary shutdowns of oilfields in North Sea. However, possible chances were identified with concern to the rises in the energy production of UK’s North Sea energy produ ction sector which could contribute towards the sustainable growth of UK even though no firm evidences were provided towards justifying this particular assumption (BBC, 2013; Office for National Statistics, 2012). Notably, it was the cause of these recessionary effects that the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the UK fell to 0.3% which depicted that the industry growth policies enforced by the government had certainly failed which is required to be further reconsidered in order to avoid the high risks of triple-dip recession (Inman, 2013). Source: (Inman, 2013) Key Themes The key themes of the article published in BBC (2013) represent the overall scenario of UK’s sustainable development in terms of industrial production increases which in turn imposes a strong influence on the sustenance of the UK economy with the prevailing

Ansel Adams Individual Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ansel Adams Individual Work - Essay Example Music turned out to be what he focused on in his later life. Adam’s father assigned him to teacher Butler who taught piano. After some years under Butler’s guidance, Adams was assigned to other teachers like Henry Cowell. Piano became Adams primary occupation for the next twelve years. As much as he traded music for photographing, the piano came with much structure, discipline and substance to his erratic and frustrating youth. Furthermore, the careful exacting craft and careful training needed by a musician deeply informed his artistry and his influential teachings and writings on photography. Adams first time to be in Yosemite park was in 1916 when he went with the family. Adam wrote on what he viewed about the valley and suggested that a new had begun for him. Adam’s father provided him with his first machine or camera, a Kodak box camera. Adams returned to that park the subsequent year with a tripod and better cameras. Adams learnt darkroom technique while working for photofinisher in San Francisco. He keenly studied photography magazines, went to art exhibits, camera club and photography exhibits. With Holman a retired geologist, Adams travelled to the Sierra developing the skill and stamina required to photograph in tough weather condition and high elevation. Adams turned himself to be precise than other photographers before having the visual understanding of particular light quality which fell on a place at a particular time. According to Adam natural landscape solid sculpture and not fixed though an insignificant image. The sensibility to light specificity was the intent that made Adams develop his technique in legendary photography. Adams fought for balanced growth after losing habitat and realizing development although he was anguished by progress ravages. Adams was stressed by an internment by Japanese America that took place after an attack on the Pearl Harbor. He asked for permission to go to the Manzanar war centre situated in Owens valley beneath Mt. Williamson.

Annotated News Item Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Annotated News Item - Assignment Example This lead to bitterness between the West and Iran and eventually the relationship between the West and Iran did deteriorate a lot. Over the years following the Islamic Revolution, the relationship of Iran with the US and the other Western powers did turn sour. 2. Iran did have a nuclear program that was initially cancelled after the Islamic Revolution in the year 1979. However, Iran did revive its nascent nuclear program during the Iran-Iraq war to protect itself against any such future attacks on Iran. Following the revival of the Iranian nuclear program, the international community and especially the West did put much pressure on Iran to close down and shut its nuclear program. The Iranian government did respond to this international pressure by declaring that it was an attempt on the part of the West to keep Iran economically and scientifically backward and to prevent Iran from militarily guarding its interests in the Middle East. Iran used this international opposition to its nuclear program to revive the nationalistic sentiments amongst the Iranian people and to augment the support for the Iranian regime that was gradually losing support amongst the masses. Over the years the nuclear program of Iran did become a central issue in deter mining as to how Iran related to the West and the kind of relationship that Iran intended to have with the Western powers that staunchly opposed Iran’s nuclear ambition.

Anatomy and physiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Anatomy and physiology - Essay Example Although my heart was pounding within me as I entered the door, BODIES...The Exhibition eased me into the experience by starting with the skeletal system. There were a few human skeletons in the room but I was fascinated by the expanded skull and complete spinal display. In this section of the exhibition, I was amazed to learn that human bone is five times stronger than steel and that children’s bones grow faster in the spring. Every one of the 206 bones in the human body was on display. The muscular system was more graphic and I had to pause in the gallery for a moment to take in the red and white figures displayed to highlight the movements of the muscles. This section marked the beginning of the display of nearly twenty human bodies displayed in athletic poses to illustrate how the human muscles work in unison with each other. Some of the human specimens were arranged as if they were performing activities such as playing basketball, kicking a football and conducting an orchestra. The real shocker was a skeleton dancing with it’s own skin! Two bodies were displayed holding hands with extended arms to balance each other. I was in sheer disbelief when I realized that it is really one body – one side depicting the muscles and the other depicting the skeleton. These displays helped me understand how our bones and muscles work together as we stretch, hold hands or do any other chores. Although my textbook ‘Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiologyà ¢â‚¬â„¢ explains the mechanism of muscular movements in great detail, one has to see these muscles displayed the way they are in this exhibition to appreciate what â€Å"actually† goes on under our skin. On display was a skinless male figure posed similar to the famous Rodin sculpture ‘The Thinker’ highlighting the muscular system, the spinal chord and the brain. I was impressed to see how the display

Annotated News Item Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Annotated News Item - Assignment Example This lead to bitterness between the West and Iran and eventually the relationship between the West and Iran did deteriorate a lot. Over the years following the Islamic Revolution, the relationship of Iran with the US and the other Western powers did turn sour. 2. Iran did have a nuclear program that was initially cancelled after the Islamic Revolution in the year 1979. However, Iran did revive its nascent nuclear program during the Iran-Iraq war to protect itself against any such future attacks on Iran. Following the revival of the Iranian nuclear program, the international community and especially the West did put much pressure on Iran to close down and shut its nuclear program. The Iranian government did respond to this international pressure by declaring that it was an attempt on the part of the West to keep Iran economically and scientifically backward and to prevent Iran from militarily guarding its interests in the Middle East. Iran used this international opposition to its nuclear program to revive the nationalistic sentiments amongst the Iranian people and to augment the support for the Iranian regime that was gradually losing support amongst the masses. Over the years the nuclear program of Iran did become a central issue in deter mining as to how Iran related to the West and the kind of relationship that Iran intended to have with the Western powers that staunchly opposed Iran’s nuclear ambition.

Hardware and software Essay Example for Free

Hardware and software Essay Angela and David need to buy a computer. They plan to use it to produce letters and newsletters, to create a website, to keep the club accounts, to record members of the club, and to detail stockists of tandems in their area. They have never bought a computer before and have around i 1800 to spend on both hardware and software. Hardware Main Processing Unit The work they will be doing on the computer is not the most demanding for a computer, so the specification of it will not need to extremely high. I would recommend a fast, budget processor, like a Celeron or Duron. These are cheaper than Pentiums and Athlons and for the tasks Angela and David are carrying out, they will not notice much difference in performance. A clock speed of 1000-1500Mhz would be sufficient for their needs. On the memory front, I would recommend 256Mb of memory, as it is an amount that would make Microsoft Windows XP and Office XP run smoothly, and it is also the standard requirement for most modern software programs. The memory will also be useful as it will allow a large number of files, in this case web pages and graphics, to be open at one time. A motherboard will be needed, and it will need to be compatible with the processor and memory chosen. There will need to be a sound card and a video card, and as they will not be using these to use graphics intensive programs, such as games, I would suggest that they chose a motherboard with these already built in. into the motherboard to keep costs down. It will need to contain several different types of ports. There will need to be around 4 USB ports (for various peripherals, e. g.digital camera, scanner, printer), a parallel port (for the printer or scanner), two PS2 ports (one each for the keyboard and mouse), and a serial port (some digital cameras still connect his way). This will give them a choice of connection options and extra peripherals. A modem will be needed to connect to the Internet. I would recommend an internal modem as it takes up less room and does not require plugging into the mains. The modem will need to be a normal dial-up modem, not ADSL or cable, as they do not require broadband. The modem will need to be a 56K modem to increase speeds. I would also recommend the V92 standard of 56k modem, which has a faster upload speed than previous standards, so they spend less time uploading their website. An ISP will also be needed. There are many different ones, but I would advocate the use of a free ISP, where you only pay for the calls, as it does not appear that they will be using the Internet to such an extent where a subscription-based unlimited service would work out cheaper. The ISP also needs to have web space for the users, so the Tandem Club website can be uploaded. Freeserve is an example of an ISP that does this. Input Devices The keyboard and mouse are standard for any Windows computer. In this case, both will need to be connected to the PC via the PS2 port. I would recommend an ergonomic mouse with a scroll wheel, as this aids computer usage a great deal. The keyboard should be comfortable to use for Angela and David, but a normal keyboard should be recommended for them, rather than the peculiarly shaped ergonomic ones, which would be a little awkward to understand for a beginner. I would also recommend a scanner. This will aid them in creating their newsletters and web pages. Photographs of their cycle rides and social gatherings could be scanned and inserted into their documents. Signatures can also be scanned in. For their usage, I would recommend a plain, low-priced flatbed scanner, as these are very simple to use and will do what they need it to. It does not need to be high definition, just around 600dpi, and it does not need a high colour depth. This is because images on the web are compressed and lose quality, and the images in the newsletters will be small. A digital camera would also be a good idea as it will allow them to quickly get images into the computer, without going through the trouble of scanning them. They would only require basic functionality from it, so one costing around i 100 would be adequate. Output Devices The monitor is a very important part of the computer set-up as it is the way the user knows what the computer is doing. As Angela and David will be spending quite a while looking at the monitor, I would recommend a fairly large 17-inch model, as this will make computing easier as it is easier on the eyes and reduced the need for scrolling up and down. Angela and David will need a printer in order to produce hard copies of their documents. I would recommend an inkjet printer, with a fairly high resolution (around 1200dpi) so that they can change between the different resolutions they need. They also need one that is economical to run, which have replacement cartridges that are inexpensive to replace. Speakers would also be a good idea, as they will open up other uses of the computer in the future, such as digital music, internet browsing, controlling Windows, and multimedia applications. Storage The computer will need a hard drive, to store all of the data from the various programs on it. For the needs of David and Angela, I would advocate the use of a 40Gb hard drive. This will allow plenty of room for them to store their programs, documents and images. As they are novices, this size of hard drive will take an extremely long time to fill up, if ever, which is good for them as it means they do not have to worry about technical matters inside the computer. In order to install the software that they will need, a CD drive is obligatory. They are quite cheap and I would recommend a 52-speed drive, which means that data is read from it extremely quickly, reducing the time needed. The couple have no need for a DVD drive, as they do not require viewing of DVD Video discs or DVD software. Although floppy disk drives are an old technology, I think that the Williams computer will need one. This will allow them to create backups of their files, providing they are not too large, and it will also allow them to distribute images to other members of the Tandem Club. Software Operating System. All computers require an operating system and usually comes pre-installed, and in this instance, I would recommend Microsoft Windows XP Home Edition. This new version is more stable than previous versions, and offers a lot help to the user, which will aid them in getting to grips with computing. It also comes with a number of built in applications, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer 6, Outlook Express 6, FrontPage Express (needed for web pages), a number of utilities, such as Disk Defragmenter, and inbuilt games, like Minesweepers. It is also compatible with a large amount of software, equipment and utilities. This costs i 164 alone, but it costs a lot less when pre-installed. Office Suite The Williams need to create several different types of document with their computer, such as letters, newsletters and accounts. Several different types of programmes would be needed to create these, such as word processing and DTP, but these are often bundled together into an office suite. There are several different ones, such as StarOffice and Lotus SmartSuite, but the one I would recommend is Microsoft Office, in particular, Office XP Standard Edition. This suite contains most of the software David and Angela need; Word, a word-processing program, for letters, Excel, a spreadsheet package, for the accounts, and Outlook, a contact management and e-mail program, for keeping the details of club members and tandem stockists. It also contains a good help system, and as it is widely used, there is a lot of documentation in shops and many computer magazines give advice on it, which is helpful if you are having difficulty. Microsoft Office XP Standard costs around i 300, but if either David or Angela were teachers, or had children in education, they would qualify for the discounted Student and Teacher price. Other Applications In order for David and Angela to create their web pages, they will need to use a web page editing program, such as FrontPage Express, which is bundled with Internet Explorer for free. On the subject of web pages, they will need a program to create graphics, and to process the images received from the scanner or digital camera. I would recommend the purchase of Paint Shop Pro, an image-editing program, which is bundled with Animation Shop, which creates animated graphics for the Internet. Paint Shop Pro can work with scanners, which would be useful in this case, and contains image enhancement, optimisation for the web. This costs i 65 for the version 7, the latest, but I would recommend an older version, such as 6, which will be a little simpler to use, and will carry out most of the functions that the newer version does for less money. Version 5 of Paint Shop Pro, although extremely functional, is often given away on the covers of computing magazines for around i 5, so this would be a useful way to save money. In order to create newsletters, a desktop publishing program is needed. There are many different programs of this type, such as Microsoft Publisher, Adobe PageMaker and Greenstreet Publisher. In this case, I would advise the Williams to purchase Microsoft Publisher 2002. It contains wizards and templates to aid in the creation of newsletters, as well as other documents like posters. As it is part of the Microsoft Office XP family, the interface is very similar, so it will be easy to get to grips with if they understand other Office products. This costs around i 100. Health and Safety Angela and David will need to be aware of health and safety issues before using their computer. Set-up Do not force cables into ports   Keep cables tidy, neat, and out of the way   Do not turn on the electricity before all the cables are in. Usage Organise an electrical safety check at least once a year Use an adjustable chair with backrest   Use a wrist support   Take regular breaks from the computer. Position the computer correctly   Do not consume food or drink near a computer. Adjust position in seat so arms are horizontal, mouse is in easy reach and eyes are level with top of VDU.   Follow instructions on consumables like printer ink and dispose of them correctly.   Install a screen filter to protect from eye strain   Keep the screen clean with anti-static screen cleaning solution, not polish to reduce glare   Adjust position of computer and monitor to reduce glare from lighting Upgrading   When upgrading the computer, always turn the power off, be gentle, and take anti-static precautions, e. g. anti-static mat William Neale 11MC.

The Structure And Complexity Of Languages English Language Essay

The Structure And Complexity Of Languages English Language Essay Language, as described by the cognitive scientist Steven Pinker, is the jewel in the crown of cognition (Siegler 212). Out of all our mental processes of cognition, language is arguably one of the most used and intricate process, as evidenced by the approximately 6,909 different languages used in the world today (Lewis, ethnologue.com). As Noam Chomsky wrote, when we study the human language, we are approaching what some might call the human essence' (Chomsky 88). Chomsky refers to language as the human essence because it is one of the few cognitive abilities that is so central to human development, while at the same time putting human beings in their own echelon of biological complexity in organisms. As much as we take language for granted, an alien species foreign to our methods of communication may become curious or puzzled when watching us communicate. After all, we sometimes sit for long periods of time, listening to our fellow humans make hisses and squeaks with their vocal chords. We do this because that these sounds that we make have structure, meaning, and significance. In our daily lives, each one of us wields the tools of language not only to convey information, but also to motivate, influence, or command attention. To understand language, there are four key areas that merit attention: the structure of language, different stages in language development, varying views in language acquisition, and the biology behind language. Structure of language Although language is incredibly complex, as mentioned before, linguists have found ways to separate language into different parts. According to the current methods, language is comprised of three simpler building blocks: phonemes, morphemes, and grammar. The smallest unit of language is a phoneme, which are the basic sounds of a language. For instance, the English word cat is made up of three phonemes, including the starting c- sound, followed by the vowel a-, and finally the hard consonant t- ending. While at first glance phonemes may seem to be equivalent to letters, this is not the case. In English, combining two vowels often generates a new phoneme, such as the ou- vowel sounds in pout. According to linguists who have studied over 500 different languages, humans use around 869 different phonemes. English is comprised of around 40 different phonemes, with other languages having anywhere from 20 to 90 (Meyers 383). A chart listing the main English phonemes is provided (see fig 1). In language, changing phonemes in words alters their meanings. For instance, changing the phoneme between the letters b- and t- creates twelve new meanings: bat, bout, beat/beet, bought, bet, boot, bit, boat, bite, but, and bait (Wardbaugh 189). As important as vowel sounds may seem, consonant phonemes actually carry more information: The treth ef thes statement shed be evedent frem thes bref dementretien (Meyers 383). Another interesting phenomenon that we encounter in our daily lives is the difficulty people have with pronouncing words from different languages. This is primarily because as we grow and learn language, we learn the set of phonemes required by our native language, but we also have difficulty with phonemes from other languages. For instance, a common example of this is a native German speakers difficulty with the English phoneme th-. When trying to pronounce the word this, German speakers often say dis instead. This is because the th- phoneme doesnt exist in the German language. Likewise, English speakers have trouble with the German rolling r- and breathy ch- phonemes. Surprisingly, this is also common among sign languages as well. With almost 200 different sign languages used in the world today, native signers of one language may have difficulty with the phoneme-like building blocks of other sign-languages. According to the researcher Ursula Bellugi, Chinese native signers who come to America to learn sign usually sign with an accent (Klima and Bellugi 158). http://kisi.deu.edu.tr/tarkan.kacmaz/courses/phonetics/phonemes.jpg Figure 1- English Phonemes Morphemes are the second building block of language. While phonemes are the basic sounds of a language, morphemes are the smallest units of language that convey meaning. There is some overlap between morphemes and phonemes; some phonemes, such as the English a- and I-, are both basic sounds as well as words that carry meaning. More often, however, morphemes are combinations of multiple phonemes. Some may be entire words, but others are parts of words. While words like run and toy are morphemes, prefixes and suffixes like pre- and -ed qualify as morphemes as well. The third and most complex building block of language is grammar. The English language is composed of 40 phonemes, which combine to form around 100,000 different morphemes, which then combine to form over 1,000,000 different words and derivations (Meyers 384). In order to handle all of these words in a structured and organized manner, we develop rules and patterns to create a standard method to communicate between one another. The two main divisions of grammar include semantics and syntax. The first branch of grammar is semantics, which is the set of rules that governs how we derive meaning from words, morphemes, and sentences. In semantics, we study the relationship between signifiers and their denotata. Signifiers are the signs, words, or phrases that we are interested in, while denotata is what these objects stand for. For instance, from the rules of semantics, we know that adding -ed to the verb blast means that the action happened in the past. The second branch of grammar deals with syntax. Syntax is the set of rules that gives meaning to the order of the words in the sentence. Syntax varies wildly from language to language, as there is no universal set of rules. In English, for example, adjectives often come before their nouns, as in the phrase large house. However, in Spanish, syntax dictates that adjectives usually come after the nouns they describe. The same phrase in Spanish would be casa grande, with the adjective coming after the noun it describes. Grammar has and always will be incredibly intricate. As Steven Pinker wrote in 1994, There are Stone Age societies, but there is no such thing as a Stone Age language (Pinker 15). However, this is the innate beauty of language: complexity built out of simplicity. When you look at each of the different building blocks of language by themselves, they arent too hard to understand; in fact, at some points, they may even be seen as intuitive and simple. However, the infinite combination of words, phrases, and sentences that we are able to form with the aid of language enables us to express almost any emotion or feeling through language. Stages in language development While we often take human communication for granted, humans have an amazing knack when it comes to developing a high proficiency in language in such a short period of time. Many of us have tens of thousands of words stored in our minds as we go about our daily lives, and we are able to construct sentences with these words with almost perfect syntax with ease. We use approximately three words a second as we speak, and this is often done spontaneously, with little to no planning beforehand. This section seeks to explore how we get to this level of proficiency. Each person enters this world as a tabula rasa for language; we have no knowledge of language at all, and for quite some time, we remain this way. At 4 months of age, babies begin to develop their receptive language, or ability to understand and comprehend spoken word. Initially, they begin to match sounds with moving lips. They prefer to be looking at the face that makes the sound, and they begin to learn that certain manipulations of the mouth make distinct sounds. Then, at 7 months of age, they are able to differential separate words from a stream of spoken sound. Whats quite amazing is that researchers have found that young children around 7 months of age have an innate advantage when it comes to segmenting spoken sounds. A study conducted in the mid-1990s placed several adults and 7-month old children in rooms with a computer emitting a sound. To most of us, the sound that the computer was making would sound like completely random sounds jumbled together. However, the researchers had placed repeating syllables inside these sounds, and it turned out that the young children had an easier time distinguishing the repeating syllables than the adults (Meyers 387). This information plays a large role in studies of second language acquisition, which we will examine more closely when looking at critical periods for language acquisition. At 4 months, children also begin developing their productive language. The first stage is referred to by scientists and psychologists as the babbling stage. During this stage, babies create random sounds strung together that have no meaning. Babbling is universally similar; in other words, a Chinese babys babbling would be no different from a Russian babys babbling. The household language has no bearing on the sounds created during this stage. However, if the babbling has no meaning, what is its purpose? The babbling stage is natures way of preparing the child for a vast array of phonemes, since different languages require different phonemes. At 10 months, babbling has changed. Instead of ranging a vast array of phonemes, the sounds created by the child will be the same as the sounds of the household. At this point, a well-trained ear can listen to the sounds that a child makes and will be able to distinguish with a fair degree of certainty which language is spoken in the household. At this point, children are said to be functionally deaf to sounds outside of their native language. This is similar to scenario presented earlier contrasting a German speaker with an English speaker. Likewise, this effect can also be seen in Japanese adults who move to an English speaking country. Japanese speakers cannot differentiate between the English r- phoneme and the l- sounds. For instance, a Japanese speaker will hear the same thing when an English speaker says both right and light. This is because the Japanese speaker is functionally deaf to the difference between these two phonemes (Meyers 385). Young children usually enter the stage known as the one-word stage around their first birthday. At this stage, most know that sounds convey meanings, and they are able to connect words with pictures. I addition, the children will usually begin to use one syllable phrases or short words to communicate with others. This stage is where the infants language begins to match the language spoken by the family in the household. Vocabulary acquisition is relatively moderate, with the infants learning around a word a week, but this speeds up to a word a day 18 months of age. Finally, at the age of 2, children enter the two-word stage. Because the phrases used are usually in the noun-verb pattern, the speech is often called telegraphic speech since it resembles the short messages that telegraphs relayed. Also, just like the old telegraphs, the speech almost always follows the rules of syntax (big dog instead of dog big). Once children move out of this stage, they usually begin to create longer phrases rather rapidly. An interesting fact that is noted regards children who get a late start in learning their language. This problem can arise if a child is an international adoptee, moving to a foreign country where another language is used in the household. Psychologists have noted that even though the children get a late start on learning the language, they move through all of the stages noted above, except they do so at a faster pace (Meyers 386). Figure 2- Summary of stages of development How we learn language In the realms of psychology, many people have tried to explain the method behind how we acquire language at an early age. Although no universal theory has been developed, the contrasting views of two important people- B. F. Skinner and Noam Chomsky- provide differing opinions about language acquisition. B. F. Skinner, a noted behaviorist, believed in a theory known as Operant learning. According to his theories, children acquired language through three well known principles: association, imitation, and reinforcement. Association deals with connecting sounds with words, images, or objects. A child who is told to point to his nose will be able to locate his own nose with practice. Imitation, the second principle, explains how children pick up grammar. Children hear adults using proper grammar, and then imitate the patterns that they hear. Finally, the last principle is reinforcement. According to Skinner, acquisition of language isnt complete until children receive positive feedback for creating sentences or communicating correctly (Meyers 386). When the famous linguist Noam Chomsky heard of Skinners theory of language acquisition, he believed that it didnt explain the whole picture. Chomsky firmly believed that children learned new vocabulary and principles of grammar too quickly to be explained by Skinners Operant learning. For example, Chomsky pointed out that children tended to overgeneralize grammar rules when first starting out, creating fresh sentences using rules they hadnt been taught before. In Chomskys view, language acquisition was like helping a flower grow in its own way (Holyoak and Thagard 170). Chomsky proposed the idea of a language acquisition device. Though it has not been proven scientifically, the concept behind the language acquisition device is that it acts as a switch box, with certain switches needing to be turned on or off in order to produce language. These switches are conditions that we are exposed to as we developed or language. In addition to the language acquisition device, Chomsky also believed in a concept often called the inborn universal grammar. Chomsky noted that all of the worlds languages were built out of the same building blocks-nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc. Thus, we learn the specific grammar of languages that we experience readily, since universal grammar comes prewired into our brains. This proposal is supported by the fact that all children begin saying nouns before moving on to other parts of speech, such as verbs and adjectives. While both Chomsky and Skinner propose valid arguments defending their theories, psychologists believe that true language acquisition is a medium between both theories. Skinners ideas were more related to the nurture aspect of the debate, while Chomsky believed in the nature side. As with almost every psychological subject, the true answer is that development is only possible with both nature and nurture working together. Research has also shown that critical periods do in fact exist for language acquisition. Deaf children who received cochlear implants before the age of two developed far better speech than those who received the implants after the age of four. Children who arent exposed to language until the age of 2 or 3 receive a rush of language, unleash[ing] their brains idle language capacity (Meyers 387). These children usually go on to become strongly proficient in language skills. However, children who havent been exposed to any language (such as deaf children without exposure to sign language) by the age of seven slowly start losing the ability to master any language. A recent study compared children deaf by birth who didnt learn sign language until the age of nine with children who learned English before becoming deaf around the age of nine and learning sign language. The children who learned English first developed a far greater mastery of sign language than the children who were deprived of language. As Meyers concluded in his book, when a young brain does not learn any language, its language-learning capacity never fully develops (Meyers 388). This window for language learning also plays a part in second language acquisition; those who wait longer to begin learning another language tend to have a more difficult time with the process. In a study done in the early 1990s, two researchers asked Korean and Chinese immigrants whether each of around 270 short sentences that they were displayed were grammatically correct or not. Some of the immigrants had come to the United States in their childhood, but all of the immigrants tested had lived in the United States for around 10 years. When the data was collected and documented, it was seen that the older the immigrant was when he or she arrived in America, the worse they performed on the grammar test. The results of the study are graphed in Figure 3. Research done into the brains involvement in second language acquisition is covered in the next section. Figure 3- Results of the immigrant study The biology behind language When it comes to language and communication, people are ready to believe that many of the skills that we associate with language- reading, writing, and speaking- are governed by the same areas of the brain. However, studies looking into the effects of aphasias, or injuries that impair language ability, revealed some surprising results. According to Meyers, some people with aphasia can speak fluently but cannot read (despite good vision), while others can comprehend what they read but not speakà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ still others can write but not read, read but not write, read numbers but not letters, or sing but not speak (Meyers 389). Puzzled by the varying effects of aphasia, scientists began studying patients with these mental disorders and

Greek And Roman Art Essay -- essays research papers

The Greek Theater: "The arts of the western world have been largely dominated by the artistic standards established by the Greeks of the classical period" (Spreloosel 86). It is from the Greek word theatron, meaning a place for sitting, that we get our word theater. According to James Butler, "The Greeks were the first people to erect special structures to bring audiences and theatrical performers together" (27). "The theaters were normally located near a populated area at the bottom of or cut out of a carefully selected, sloping hillside overlooking a seascape, a plain, or a city" (Butler 30). "They eventually with few exceptions consisted of three distinct parts: theatron (viewing place) for spectators, orchestra (dancing place) where the chorus and actors performed; and a later addition, a skene (scene building), which provided a scenic backing" (Butler 30). The theatron was the place where the audience sat. At first the spectators sat on the ground, later on wooden bleachers and finally on tiers of stone seats which followed the circular shape of the orchestra and the natural contours of the countryside. The theatron surrounded the orchestra on three sides. Describing the theater of Dionysus, David Taylor writes, " The spectators seats were in a curving area, a little more than a semi-circle and slope down to the center" (Taylor 19). Even though all classes of people attended the theater there were reserved areas for the more prestigious, such as the king. " The audience arranged in rows, looked out across a rounded orchestra" (Kennedy 1102). Because most of the early dramas were religious and required a sacrificial ceremony, a thymele (an altar or sacrificial table) was located in the center of the orchestra. The orchestra was where the chorus and actors performed. Arnott states, " the nucleus of the drama was the chorus" (Arnott 9). David Taylor comments, " The theater actually did start without any separate actors; there was only the chorus" (15). Later actors were added, but the chorus still remained the center of attention. The audience sat at a considerable distance from the orchestra and looked down on the performance. Although the amount of detail perceived was limited, they of... ... cook it and the figures would still show up as red, while the background would come out black. This allowed for more attention to detail as well as the ability to use foreshortening and shadowing. The use of shadowing is more than obvious on the Kylix with the figure of a youth sitting on a stone surrounded by large apatropaic eyes. The ability to foreshadow is shown in many other red-figured works that were done during and around that time. The differences that are found between these four pieces of art can be traced back to the differences that existed between the two cultures. Even though there are similarities, the differences outweigh them by far. The purpose of the Roman Mummy Portrait of a Man and the Mummy Portrait of a Young Woman differ completely from that of the Greek Black-Figured Psykter and the Red-Figured Kylix Depicting a Young Athelete. The styles of the paintings are also very different as well. The amazing thing that is to noticed is that regardless of the differences that exist, both the Greek and the Roman pieces are considered to be masterpieces of art. The differences that are found add to the uniqueness that each one entails.

The Sociological Impacts of Wireless and Modern Computer Technology :: Essays Papers

The Sociological Impacts of Wireless and Modern Computer Technology Introduction of the significance of Wireless Technology on Society Today’s society is one filled with physical interaction, being replaced by wireless communication with known parties instead of communication between casual strangers, creating a deterioration of casual interaction and the influx of the wireless dependency with family, businesses and friends. From the invention of the landline telephone, wireless technology has been a dream to people who like to stay in touch and communicate with the ones they love without having to be tied down to one location; yet the various types of influences, impacts and dependencies that wireless communication has upon the world wide daily life is something that sociologist have been studying closely in order to monitor the underlying effects of this sort of technology. The ways in which people view wireless technology is one of the most important researching tools that determines the future effect of the products, and to what extreme people will allow wireless technology to monitor their lives. Definition of Wireless Technology Wireless technology is a form of technology that uses a certain wavelength of radio wave space to transfer information that was previously transferred via landline wires. The important difference of wireless communication is that it has the ability to monitor, record and connect people from anywhere, at anytime, to anyone. Different Sentiments Towards Wireless Technology There are certain indicators that show how society feels towards new inventions and technologies being integrated into our social patterns, and one of them is the rate of adoption by consumers. There are certain stages of innovation adoption within the consumer realm that identifies the products importance and strength within society; first are the innovators, they are usually the high income, high education, low age, male sector of society who like to have new gadgets to show off to their friends. This innovation crowd is important to the second stage of innovation, the early adopters who see the innovator enjoying his/her product and receiving productivity or enjoyment from it and therefore adopting it themselves. Innovators look at products that have a relative advantage over products that they already own; compatibility and complexity of the product are two main factors.

Impact of a Data Classification Standard: User Domain

This Domain defines the users who have access to an organization’s information system. The user domain can be configured to internal use only and only the IT Department can grant access privilege for Remote Access Point. An Acceptable use policy (AUP) will be enforced in this domain to define what each user can and cannot do with any company data he or she has access to. Every user in the organization is responsible for the security of the environment. Workstation Domain In a workstation domain all users connect to the IT infrastructure.Richman Investments provide very secure access for the employee workstation with a username and password in order for the user to log into the machine. Security protocol requires the password to be change every 30 days. Regular updates and continuous antivirus protection are maintained on all company computers. In addition, no personal devices are allowed on the network. LAN Domain Local Area Network domains connect computers, printers, and ser vers to each other physically through a wire or wireless connection. This domain includes data closets, physical elements of the LAN, and logical elements designated by authorized personnel.It can access company-wide systems, application, and data from anywhere with the LAN. A LAN domain requires strong security and access controls, since the biggest threat to this domain is un-authorized access to anything on the network. To require strict security protocols we can disable all external access ports for the workstations. Doing this will prevent any user within the company from bringing an external jump drive, and connection it to the workstations. Also this will help us control company intellectual property, and prevent viruses on the LAN network.

Historiography/Primary Sources Project

â€Å"Every empire tells itself and the world that it is unlike all other empires and that its mission is not to plunder and control but to educate and liberate† is a quote by Edward W. Said. During the 19th century, Western nations started expansion into territorial imperialism to collect resources from colonies to benefit economically, politically, and socially. Jules Ferry, a former French prime minister, created a colonial policy to colonize territories for France’s benefits and to civilize the people in those territories. His biased views may affect the historical impact and people should not believe everything they hear.One should analyze a document and take past knowledge on the issue into consideration before making any decisions. â€Å"The French Colonial Expansion† is a modernized text of the â€Å"Speech Before the French Chamber of Deputies† by the former French prime minister, Jules Francois Camille Ferry, on March 28, 1884. Jules Ferry made t his speech to show his support for imperialism and that it was the only way, at the time, for a nation to be powerful. He believed that the colonial expansion policy consisted of economic ideas, the most far-reaching ideas of civilization, and ideas of a political and patriotic sort (Watts, Int. ).He backed his argument up with some statistics of how other nations, like Germany or the United States of America, have outlets, or colonies to export goods to, and this helped expand their market. Colonial policy will allow for France to compete against other powerful nations and help solve problems like the freedom of trade and supply and demand (Arkenberg, Int. ). Not only did Ferry want to maintain France’s power, he also believed that Europeans were the â€Å"superior race† because they were civilized. A social issue he wanted to overcome was to civilize the â€Å"inferior races† because it was the higher races’ duty to do so (Arkenberg, Int. . In addition, Ferry made a good point that France needs colonies to support its navy with harbors, defenses, and supplies that can only be obtained overseas. Ferry was for imperialism because it had many benefits to the nation. However, many socialists and conservative critics were against his policy for different reasons (Jules, Int. ). He was addressing his speech to those that opposed imperialism and the French Chamber of Deputies. His motivation was to spread the ideas of imperialism and point out the benefits of it to the people of France. Obviously, he has a lot of pride in his country because he believes that they are the superior race,† so he wants to spread the feel of nationalism by gaining power to France (Watts, Int. ). The power of a nation is gained by the amount of land it has. The colonial policy led France to annex Tunis, Madagascar, Indo-China, and explore the Congo and the Niger region (Jules, Int. ). Based on all of the exploration done by France, one can conclude that France is a powerful nation and its colonial policy went into effect. They were great competitors with other Europeans and the United States because they took over many rich African and Asian countries.With all of their new territories, they would have a better market because they would have raw materials sent to them from those countries, and they would sell them back (Arkenberg, Int. ). In addition, the French have a lot of pride in themselves because they believe that they are the â€Å"superior race,† so they would try to civilize the people in many of their territories. Therefore, the local culture of those countries probably went down and there was a lot of hatred towards the French for the change of their way of living, style, and religion.Because Jules Ferry believed that the Europeans were a â€Å"superior race,† this proves that he was biased because he only looked at the European view of imperialism. He only sees that the colonial policy will benefit and sol ve France’s economic, social, and political problems. However, he doesn’t look at the view of the African and Asian countries being claimed. To them, imperialism is a horrible thing because their way of life is being taken away and replaced by a different life style.Also, imperialism would stop their learning curve and affect their nation’s development. New problems would arise as well. For example, after the division of African territory between each European nation, African tribes were moved and this created more fights between them. Ferry also leaves out the conflicts between the European nations and the U. S. Imperialism is not always beneficial to a nation because there would always be arguments between two or more nations over land, and war would erupt if the issue is non-negotiable.Edward W. Said’s quote, â€Å"every empire tells itself and the world that it is unlike all other empires and that its mission is not to plunder and control but to educ ate and liberate† shows that Jules Ferry is biased because he is only presenting the benefits to France and not the problems that it could do to the colonized territories or to Western nations all together. One should never completely believe everything they hear and analysis is needed to see both sides of a story.